Nuclear deformation and quadrupole moment introduction to nuclear science simon fraser university spring 2011 nucs 342 january 12, 2011 nucs 342 lecture 1 january 12, 2011 1. Quadrupole magnets are useful as they create a magnetic field whose magnitude grows rapidly with the radial distance from its. So sometimes the quadrupole unit is written eb for electronbarns. Nuclear quadrupole resonance singlepulse echoes article in journal of magnetic resonance 1941. The qtensor elements in mhz equal the the electric field gradient tensor elements in a. May 16, 2008 the detection of explosives is a challenging topic. Electric quadrupole moment from eric weissteins world. The electric quadrupole interaction between these two quantities gives rise to a splitting in the nuclear energy levels.
The status of the nuclear quadrupole moments of the. There are clear deviations from the shell model predictions q sm. Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy or nqr is a chemical analysis technique related to nuclear magnetic resonance. Most of my sources so far are textbooks, which are not publicaccessible, but the above source explains things fairly well. Quadrupole moment of 41 sc by use of new nuclear quadrupole. The measurement of nuclear quadrupole moments has always. Abstract a new table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole moments has been prepared and published by the nuclear data section of the iaea, vienna stone 20. Pdf 53cr, 17o and 14n nuclear quadrupole resonance in. This moment is a measure of how the nuclear charge distribution deviates away from spherical symmetry and it happens in nuclei with greater spin or equal to. Oblate prolate as a component of the electric quadrupole interaction in atoms, molecules, solids and liquids for analysis of electronic properties. Quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general 1 quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general pascal p. Pdf nuclear electric quadrupole moment of 6 li researchgate. As in the nmr case, the sole main interaction does not allow the general. Nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr and nuclear magnetic resonance nmr are quite powerful tools which allow to probe the local response function and charge distribution.
The nuclear quadrupole coupling constant nqcc in mhz is the largest value of the principal. Nuclear quadrupole resonance article about nuclear. By calculations analogous to those for bismuth 4 one gets from casimirs formula and tolanskys measurements a value of about 0. Stone, oxford physics, clarendon laboratory parks road, oxford ox1 3pu u. Nuclei which have i 1 0 or i 1p can exhlbit no electric quadrupole moment. Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection of. Nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments for nuclear structure. A nonzero electric quadrupole moment arises for nuclei that are classically described as prolate stretched or oblate squashed spheroids. View nuclear quadrupole resonance research papers on academia. A coil antenna being used to detect the signal from the sample right 3. The main feature of the new table is the adoption, wherever possible, of the best available calculation of the electric field gradient efg, required to extract the moment from.
The table contains 1055 measured quadrupole moments of nuclei of 95 elements between hydrogen and einsteinium z 99 of these 642 are either stable or radioactive ground states or longlived isomers 4 are short lived excited states no measurements for. The value of the nuclear quadrupole moment variesover a wide range. It has the dimension of area and is usually expressed in sq cm. He notes that there are in principle several ways by which a nuclear quadrupole moment may be determined. New table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole moments. Feasibility of nuclear quadrupole resonance as a technique. The latter implies only a reversal of the spin direction and hence corresponds to the same effective charge. There is a large body of literature on the interactions of nuclear quadrupole moments with electric. All nuclei that have nonzero spin also possess a nonzero magnetic moment and vice versa, although the connection between. Explosives detection with nuclear quadrupole resonance. Consider a body which is on the whole electrically neutral, but in which there is a separation of charge such that there is more positive charge at one end and more negative charge at the other. Given the small scale of nuclear quadrupole moments, of order 1 barn 100fm2, to provide an energy splitting between levels of order 10 mhz requires an efg of order 1017vcm. Table of nuclear electric quadrupole moments sciencedirect. Kuzmich 1department of physics and astronomy, university of delaware, newark, delaware 19716, usa 2joint quantum institute, nist and the university.
But the constant, eqq, is a product of two factors. An atomic unit of electric dipole moment is a0e, where a0 is the radius of the first bohr orbit for hydrogen and e is the magnitude of the electronic charge. Year2008 nuclear quadrupole moments archive ouverte hal. Electronic chart of deformation gives to one possibility to obtain in comfortable form analogous to that of wellknown charts of the nuclides numerical information for various nuclear deformation parameters quadrupole moment q and quadrupole deformation parameter b 2 for ground states of many nuclei. Pdf the nuclear quadrupole moment of 115in from molecular data. Year2017 nuclear quadrupole moments university of helsinki. This table is a compilation of experimental measurements of static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of ground states and excited states of atomic nuclei throughout the periodic table. Nuclear deformation and quadrupole moment introduction to nuclear science simon fraser university spring 2011 nucs 342 january 12, 2011 nucs 342 lecture 1 january 12, 2011 1 33. The electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron and the field.
The interaction between nuclear moment and efg is expressed by the hamiltonian. The discovery by rabi and his collaborators1 that the deuteron in its ground state possesses an electric quadrupole moment is of considerable theoretical importance, since it clearly shows that. Stone oxford physics, clarendon laboratory, oxford ox1 3pu, uk abstract the table is a compilation of experimental measurements of static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of ground states and excited states of atomic nuclei throughout the periodic table. Instead, nqr exploits the fact that some nuclei possess an electric quadrupole moment, which can be thought of as arising from two backtoback electric dipoles positive and. Nuclear quadrupole resonance for explosive detection. According to wikipedia, nuclei have electric quadrupole moments if their total spin is 1 or greater. Nuclear quadrupole moment article about nuclear quadrupole.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance is similar in concept, but unlike nmr it does not rely on the nuclei aligning themselves in an externally applied magnetic field. Using the field gradient in the crystal determined by the pulsedfouriertransformed nmr of 45 sc in tio 2, the quadrupole moment of 41 sc has been determined as q41 sc. Why are atomic quadrupole moments calculated using nuclear spin. Other nuclides with good receptivities may be included due to their prohibitively large nuclear electric quadrupole moments e. However, such large gradients are to be found at nuclei when in atoms, ions or molecules and also in a wide range of noncubic solids. Quadrupole magnets, abbreviated as qmagnets, consist of groups of four magnets laid out so that in the planar multipole expansion of the field, the dipole terms cancel and where the lowest significant terms in the field equations are quadrupole. New table of recommended nuclear electric quadrupole.
As in the nmr case, the sole main interaction does not allow the general transitions between all logic states. There are two contributions to the efg i lattice contributions from. In nuclear crosssection measurements, the quantity 1024 cm 2 is called a barn and is represented by b. Why do we need to seek the best possible determinations of nuclear quadrupole moments. Electronic chart of deformation gives to one possibility to obtain in comfortable form analogous to that of wellknown charts of the nuclides numerical information for various nuclear deformation parameters quadrupole moment q and quadrupole. The nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments for the. Hibbs, quantum magnetics introduction nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr combines the spatial localization capability and convenience of metal detection or groundpenetrating radar gpr with the compound specific detection capability offered by chemical detection techniques. Here is one source for the nuclear quadrupole moment formula that is fairly easy to read. Why are atomic quadrupole moments calculated using nuclear. Table of nuclear magetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments nucleus identi.
Appendix j nuclear quadrupole resonance paper i andrew d. The electric quadrupole moment operator is defined as. The nuclear charge distribution has axial symmetry and the axis of symmetry coincides with the direction of the nuclear angular momentum and the nuclear magnetic dipole moment. In nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr, the main interaction is due to the nuclear electric quadrupole moment in the presence of a local electric. Nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr is very similar to nuclear magnetic resonance nmr, and was originated as an inexpensive no stable homogeneous large magnetic field is required alternative way to study nuclear moments. Pdf the nuclear quadrupole moment of in115 has been determined by combining the experimental nuclear quadrupole coupling constants and electric field. Here we show, by combining 75as and 87,85rb nqr and 87rb nmr. Feasibility of nuclear quadrupole resonance as a technique for detecting personborne explosives michael l. Since the nuclear quadrupole moment q without indices is 1eq 33 we end up with q 11 q 22. Nuclear quadrupole moment the quantity thatcharacterizes the deviation from spherical symmetry of the electrical charge distribution in an atomic nucleus. Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments q n.
Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection of explosives and research activities at ciae shengyun zhu, xing li, zhongcheng lu, guobao wang, and weiguo shu china institute of atomic energy p. The work of pekka pyykko needed to be applied to all quadrupole moment. Application of nuclear quadrupole resonance to detection. Pdf the molecular beam electric resonance technique has been used to examine. The nuclear magnetic moment is the magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus and arises from the spin of the protons and neutrons. Quadrupole couplings in nuclear magnetic resonance, general. The interaction between nuclear moment and efg is expressed by the hamiltonian 2. Although the quadrupole moment is most obviously of value in the study of nuclei themselves, being a measure of the deviation of the nuclear charge distribution from a spherical shape, measurement of nuclear quadrupole interactions forms a vital investigatory tool in many areas of condensed matter physics and, aiding into the elucidation of. The q are expressed in fm 2 thus the numbers have to be multiplied by the electronic charge to obtain the actual quadrupole moment. Recent studies of glasses containing nuclear quadrupole moments have revealed. Nuclear quadrupole resonance singlepulse echoes request pdf. Odd neutron nuclei have about the same q as odd proton ones nuclei with atomic mass number in the ranges 150 to 190 and greater than 200 have very large quadrupole moments. New table of recommended values of electric quadrupole moments.
Investigations of the impact of nuclear quadrupole moments on the. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants may be measured in molecules, atoms, or solids. Nuclei are grouped by element in increasing sequence of atomic number and by increasing mass number for each element. Any atom that has a nuclear spin i 1 has a nuclear electric quadrupole moment, whose interactions with electric. For sphericalsymmetry the nuclear quadrupole moment q 0. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Hyperfine interaction and nuclear quadrupole resonance. The electric quadrupole moment of the nucleus nature. For eveneven nuclei it should be about zero and should change sign on going through the shell closure. It is sometimes tabulated in units of e x 1024 cm 2 where e is the electron charge.
The nqr resonance is mediated by the interaction of the electric field gradient efg. Table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole. Hyperfine interaction and nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear quadrupole resonance nqr to nuclear quadrupole interaction nqi. What is the magnetic quadrupole moment of a nucleus in. Grechishkin new methods of nuclear quadrupole resonance i fig. Even if the charge density within the nucleus is constant, the distorted shape gives.
The electric quadrupole moment describes the departure from spherical symmetry of the nuclear charge distribution. Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the th. Unlike nmr, nqr transitions of nuclei can be detected in the absence of a magnetic field, and for this reason nqr spectroscopy is referred to as zero field nmr. Year2008 nuclear quadrupole moments article pdf available in molecular physics 10616. The electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron and the. Jul 19, 2014 mossbauer nuclear quadrupole effect basics 1. If a nucleusis extended along the axis of symmetry, then q is a positivequantity, but if the nucleus is flattened along the axis, it isnegative. Nuclear quadrupole resonance for explosive detection hideo itozaki and go ota graduate school of engineering science, osaka university machikaneyama toyonaka, osaka, 5608531, japan abstract abstract a nuclear quadrupole resonance detector has been developed. The quadrupole moment, nonzero only for nuclei with spin quantum number i greater than or equal to 1, is a nuclear.
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